XCQ

Cross-Consensus Query Language for Polkadot

Getting Started

Prerequites

• Install Rust toolchain targeting RISC-V RV32E
• Install bun (or npm or yarn) to run Chopsticks
• Install jq

Run PoC

1. Install polkatool¹(for relinking to .polkavm blob from a standard RV32E ELF) and chain-spec-builder²(for building chainspec from a wasm): make tools
2. Build a PolkaVM guest program¹: make poc-guest
3. Run a PoC and expected runtime structure:
   • Run a simple host program which executes guest program (with trace turned on): make poc-host
   • Run a runtime with execute_query api which executes guest program bytes via chopsticks: make run

Explainations

How guest program communicate with host?

Polkavm adopts a similar approach for guest accessing host functions to WASM.³ In guest program, the host functions declarations are annotated with polkavm's proc-marco polkavm_import. The definitions of guest functions are annotated with polkavm_export. In host program, we register host functions through linker.func_wrap Due to the limit of ABI, the signature of the those functions are limited to some primitive numeric types like u32, i32, u64(represented by two u32 register).

How to pass bytes from host to guest and vice versa?

In general, we can pass bytes between host and guest via guest's stack or heap. ⁴⁵ The stack size of a guest program is 64KB, and the heap size is less than 4GB.

• If we need some space on the stack, it's easy for guest to define local variables on stack, and then pass pointer to host to have the host write data to it. However, it's not trivial to let host write data directly on the guest's stack without the guest's "guidance" because data written to an improper address might be overwritten later.

• If we need some space on the heap, Polkavm provides a dynamic allocation function both in host and guest through polkavm::Instance::sbrk and polkavm_derive::sbrk respectively.

  According to the PolkaVM's doc⁶, memory allocated through sbrk can only be freed once the program finishes execution and its whole memory is cleared.

  Note: Including a global allocator in guest will cause the guest program bloats, which is unacceptable because we need keep the guest program as small as possible to store it on chain compactly.

Specific Usages in Details:

• Pass arguements (at the entrypoint of the host function): Currently we only support passing argumensts via heap memory. Before calling guest function, host calls sbrk and polkavm::Instance::write_memory to allocate and write memory, then pass ptr as argument to guest via polkavm::Instance::call_typed.

• Return value from guest to host (at the end of the host function): In this case, it's viable to put the returned value on stack or heap. We recommend put the data on stack to prevent unnecessary memory allocation. The guest will return a u64 which has the higher 32 bits as ptr and lower 32 bits as size due the limit of the ABI, and then have the host read_memory_into_vec to get the result.

• Call host function from guest, pass some data and get back some data (during the execution of the host function): We construct arguments and returned values on the stack, then we pass the address of them to host to have the host read, process input and write output to the given address.

How to pass non-primitive data types between guest and host?

Basically, if a data type contains no objects on the heap, then byte-to-byte copy is enough, and both guest and host should have the same layout of the type to interpret data correctly.

References

PolkaVm is a general purpose user-level RISC-V based virtual machine.

For more details, please refer to PolkaVM Announcement on Polkadot Forum

Footnotes

1. https://forum.polkadot.network/t/announcing-polkavm-a-new-risc-v-based-vm-for-smart-contracts-and-possibly-more/3811#the-compilation-pipeline-7 "The compilation pipeline" ↩ ↩²

2. https://github.com/paritytech/polkadot-sdk/tree/master/substrate/bin/utils/chain-spec-builder "chain-spec-builder" ↩

3. https://forum.polkadot.network/t/announcing-polkavm-a-new-risc-v-based-vm-for-smart-contracts-and-possibly-more/3811#wasm-like-import-export-model-6 "WASM-like import-export model" ↩

4. https://forum.polkadot.network/t/announcing-polkavm-a-new-risc-v-based-vm-for-smart-contracts-and-possibly-more/3811#security-and-sandboxing-4 "Security and sandboxing" ↩

5. https://forum.polkadot.network/t/announcing-polkavm-a-new-risc-v-based-vm-for-smart-contracts-and-possibly-more/3811#guest-program-memory-map-13 "Guest program memory map" ↩

6. https://docs.rs/polkavm-derive/latest/polkavm_derive/fn.sbrk.html "polkavm_derive::sbrk" ↩