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Cmevla terminology #399

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Cmevla terminology #399

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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions chapters/02.xml
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Expand Up @@ -1362,8 +1362,8 @@
<valsi>coi</valsi> means
<quote>hello</quote> and
<valsi>co'o</valsi> means
<quote>good-bye</quote>. Either word may stand alone, they may follow one another, or either may be followed by a pause and a name. (Vocative phrases with
<valsi>doi</valsi> do not need a pause before the name.)</para>
<quote>good-bye</quote>. Either word may stand alone, they may follow one another, or either may be followed by a pause and a cmevla. (Vocative phrases with
<valsi>doi</valsi> do not need a pause before a cmevla.)</para>
<example xml:id="example-random-id-qIWX" role="interlinear-gloss-example">
<title>
<anchor xml:id="c2e14d2"/>
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14 changes: 7 additions & 7 deletions chapters/03.xml
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Expand Up @@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
</pronunciation>
</example>
<para role="noindent">which is technically a different Lojban name. Since the intent with Lojbanized names is to allow them to be pronounced more like their native counterparts, the comma is allowed to represent vowel glides or some non-Lojbanic sound. Such an exception affects only spelling accuracy and the ability of a reader to replicate the desired pronunciation exactly; it will not affect the recognition of word boundaries.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>as preferable over comma in names</secondary></indexterm> Still, it is better if Lojbanized names are always distinct. Therefore, the apostrophe is preferred in regular Lojbanized names that are not attempting to simulate a non-Lojban pronunciation perfectly. (Perfection, in any event, is not really achievable, because some sounds simply lack reasonable Lojbanic counterparts.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>apostrophe</primary><secondary>as preferable over comma in Lojbanized names</secondary></indexterm> Still, it is better if Lojbanized names are always distinct. Therefore, the apostrophe is preferred in regular Lojbanized names that are not attempting to simulate a non-Lojban pronunciation perfectly. (Perfection, in any event, is not really achievable, because some sounds simply lack reasonable Lojbanic counterparts.)</para>
<para>If apostrophes were used instead of commas in
<xref linkend="example-random-id-k2b9"/>, it would appear as:</para>
<example role="pronunciation-example" xml:id="example-random-id-k2bc">
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<phrase role="IPA">[l]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[m]</phrase>,
<phrase role="IPA">[n]</phrase>, and
<phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase> respectively. They normally have only a limited distribution, appearing in Lojban names and borrowings, although in principle any
<phrase role="IPA">[r]</phrase> respectively. They normally have only a limited distribution, appearing in Lojbanized names and borrowings, although in principle any

<letteral>l</letteral>,
<letteral>m</letteral>,
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<morphology>nts</morphology> are forbidden.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>more than three consonants in</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, not just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonant triples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are permissible. In addition, names can contain consonant clusters with more than three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is valid.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>consonant clusters</primary><secondary>more than three consonants in</secondary></indexterm> Lojbanized names can begin or end with any permissible consonant pair, not just the 48 initial consonant pairs listed above, and can have consonant triples in any location, as long as the pairs making up those triples are permissible. In addition, Lojbanized names can contain consonant clusters with more than three consonants, again requiring that each pair within the cluster is valid.</para>



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<quote>vowels</quote> for the purposes of this section.) Syllabication rules determine which of the consonants separating two vowels belong to the preceding vowel and which to the following vowel. These rules are conventional only; the phonetic facts of the matter about how utterances are syllabified in any language are always very complex.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>syllabication</primary><secondary>rules for</secondary></indexterm> A single consonant always belongs to the following vowel. A consonant pair is normally divided between the two vowels; however, if the pair constitute a valid initial consonant pair, they are normally both assigned to the following vowel. A consonant triple is divided between the first and second consonants. Apostrophes and commas, of course, also represent syllable breaks. Syllabic consonants usually appear alone in their syllables.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>syllabication</primary><secondary>and names</secondary></indexterm> It is permissible to vary from these rules in Lojbanized names. For example, there are no definitive rules for the syllabication of names with consonant clusters longer than three consonants. The comma is used to indicate variant syllabication or to explicitly mark normal syllabication.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>syllabication</primary><secondary>and names</secondary></indexterm> It is permissible to vary from these rules in Lojbanized names. For example, there are no definitive rules for the syllabication of Lojbanized names with consonant clusters longer than three consonants. The comma is used to indicate variant syllabication or to explicitly mark normal syllabication.</para>



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<phrase role="IPA">[ɪ]</phrase>, are not counted.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>levels of</secondary></indexterm> There are actually three levels of stress &ndash; primary, secondary, and weak. Weak stress is the lowest level, so it really means no stress at all. Weak stress is required for syllables containing
<letteral>y</letteral>, a syllabic consonant, or a buffer vowel.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>names</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>primary</secondary></indexterm> Primary stress is required on the penultimate syllable of Lojban content words (called
<valsi>brivla</valsi>). Lojbanized names may be stressed on any syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the syllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban structural words (called
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>cmevla</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>brivla</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>cmavo</primary><secondary>stress on</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>primary</secondary></indexterm> Primary stress is required on the penultimate syllable of Lojban content words (called
<valsi>brivla</valsi>). Lojbanized names (called <valsi>cmevla</valsi>) may be stressed on any syllable, but if a syllable other than the penultimate is stressed, the syllable (or at least its vowel) must be capitalized in writing. Lojban structural words (called
<valsi>cmavo</valsi>) may be stressed on any syllable or none at all. However, primary stress may not be used in a syllable just preceding a brivla, unless a pause divides them; otherwise, the two words may run together.</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stress</primary><secondary>secondary</secondary></indexterm> Secondary stress is the optional and non-distinctive emphasis used for other syllables besides those required to have either weak or primary stress. There are few rules governing secondary stress, which typically will follow a speaker's native language habits or preferences. Secondary stress can be used for contrast, or for emphasis of a point. Secondary stress can be emphasized at any level up to primary stress, although the speaker must not allow a false primary stress in brivla, since errors in word resolution could result.</para>
<para> The following are Lojban words with stress explicitly shown:</para>
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<diphthong>i,a</diphthong> through
<diphthong>i,u</diphthong> and
<diphthong>u,a</diphthong> through
<diphthong>u,u</diphthong> in names, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
<diphthong>u,u</diphthong> in cmevla, fu'ivla, and attitudinal cmavo.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
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