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Remove/replace cultural gismu #330

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181 changes: 2 additions & 179 deletions chapters/04.xml
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Expand Up @@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ There is also a different way of building lujvo, or rather phrases which are gra

<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>as Stage 4 borrowings</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>Stage 4</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>borrowings</primary><secondary>fu'ivla form without categorizing rafsi</secondary></indexterm> Finally, Stage 4 fu'ivla do not have any rafsi classifier, and are used where a fu'ivla has become so common or so important that it must be made as short as possible. (See
<xref linkend="section-rafsi-fuhivla"/> for a proposal concerning Stage 4 fu'ivla.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>construction of</secondary></indexterm> The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gismu and the cmavo. Like cultural gismu, fu'ivla are generally based on a word from a single non-Lojban language. The word is
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>form of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>construction of</secondary></indexterm> The form of a fu'ivla reliably distinguishes it from both the gismu and the cmavo. Fu'ivla are generally based on a word from a single non-Lojban language. The word is
<quote>borrowed</quote> (actually
<quote>copied</quote>, hence the Lojban tanru
<jbophrase>fukpi valsi</jbophrase>) from the other language and Lojbanized &ndash; the phonemes are converted to their closest Lojban equivalent and modifications are made as necessary to make the word a legitimate Lojban fu'ivla-form word. All fu'ivla:</para>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2767,7 +2767,7 @@ This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. First, we will start
<valsi valid="false">brudi</valsi>) are all existing gismu.</para>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-cultural-gismu">
<title><anchor xml:id="c4s15"/>Cultural and other non-algorithmic gismu</title>
<title><anchor xml:id="c4s15"/>Non-algorithmic gismu</title>
<para>The following gismu were not made by the gismu creation algorithm. They are, in effect, coined words similar to fu'ivla. They are exceptions to the otherwise mandatory gismu creation algorithm where there was sufficient justification for such exceptions. Except for the small metric prefixes and the assignable predicates beginning with
<rafsi>brod-</rafsi>, they all end in the letter
<letteral>o</letteral>, which is otherwise a rare letter in Lojban gismu.</para>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -2911,183 +2911,6 @@ This section contains examples of making and scoring lujvo. First, we will start
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>for Lojban source languages</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>for languages</secondary></indexterm> The gismu
<valsi>sinso</valsi> and
<valsi>tanjo</valsi> were only made non-algorithmically because they were identical (having been borrowed from a common source) in all the dictionaries that had translations. The other terms in this group are units in the international metric system; some metric units, however, were made by the ordinary process (usually because they are different in Chinese).</para>
<para>Finally, there are the cultural gismu, which are also borrowed, but by modifying a word from one particular language, instead of using the multi-lingual gismu creation algorithm. Cultural gismu are used for words that have local importance to a particular culture; other cultures or languages may have no word for the concept at all, or may borrow the word from its home culture, just as Lojban does. In such a case, the gismu algorithm, which uses weighted averages, doesn't accurately represent the frequency of usage of the individual concept. Cultural gismu are not even required to be based on the six major languages.</para>
<para>The six Lojban source languages:</para>

<informaltable>
<colgroup/>
<tr><td><valsi>jungo</valsi></td><td><para>Chinese (from <quote xml:lang="zh">Zhong <superscript>1</superscript> guo <superscript>2</superscript></quote>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>glico</valsi></td><td><para>English</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xindo</valsi></td><td><para>Hindi</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>spano</valsi></td><td><para>Spanish</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>rusko</valsi></td><td><para>Russian</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xrabo</valsi></td><td><para>Arabic</para></td></tr>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>for countries</secondary></indexterm> Seven other widely spoken languages that were on the list of candidates for gismu-making, but weren't used:</para>
<informaltable>
<colgroup/>
<tr><td><valsi>bengo</valsi></td><td><para>Bengali</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>porto</valsi></td><td><para>Portuguese</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>baxso</valsi></td><td><para>Bahasa Melayu/Bahasa Indonesia</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>ponjo</valsi></td><td><para>Japanese (from <quote>Nippon</quote>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>dotco</valsi></td><td><para>German (from <quote xml:lang="de">Deutsch</quote>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>fraso</valsi></td><td><para>French (from <quote xml:lang="fr">Français</quote>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xurdo</valsi></td><td><para>Urdu</para></td></tr>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>continents</primary><secondary>gismu for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>geographical</secondary></indexterm> (Urdu and Hindi began as the same language with different writing systems, but have now become somewhat different, principally in borrowed vocabulary. Urdu-speakers were counted along with Hindi-speakers when weights were assigned for gismu-making purposes.)</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>ethnic</secondary></indexterm> Countries with a large number of speakers of any of the above languages (where the meaning of <quote>large</quote> is dependent on the specific language):</para>
<para>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">English:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>merko</valsi></td>
<td>American</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>brito</valsi></td>
<td>British</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>skoto</valsi></td>
<td>Scottish</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>sralo</valsi></td>
<td>Australian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>kadno</valsi></td>
<td>Canadian</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">Spanish:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>gento</valsi></td>
<td>Argentinian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>mexno</valsi></td>
<td>Mexican</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">Russian:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>softo</valsi></td>
<td>Soviet/USSR</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>vukro</valsi></td>
<td>Ukrainian</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">Arabic:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>filso</valsi></td>
<td>Palestinian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>jerxo</valsi></td>
<td>Algerian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>jordo</valsi></td>
<td>Jordanian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>libjo</valsi></td>
<td>Libyan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>lubno</valsi></td>
<td>Lebanese</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>misro</valsi></td>
<td>Egyptian (from <quote xml:lang="he">Mizraim</quote>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>morko</valsi></td>
<td>Moroccan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>rakso</valsi></td>
<td>Iraqi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>sadjo</valsi></td>
<td>Saudi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>sirxo</valsi></td>
<td>Syrian</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">Bahasa Melayu/Bahasa Indonesia:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>bindo</valsi></td>
<td>Indonesian</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>meljo</valsi></td>
<td>Malaysian</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">Portuguese:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>brazo</valsi></td>
<td>Brazilian</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
<informaltable>
<tr><td colspan="0">Urdu:</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><valsi>kisto</valsi></td>
<td>Pakistani</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
</para>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>gismu</primary><secondary>religious</secondary></indexterm> The continents (and oceanic regions) of the Earth:</para>

<para role="allowbreaks"/>
<informaltable>
<colgroup/>
<tr><td><valsi>bemro</valsi></td><td><para>North American (from <jbophrase>berti merko</jbophrase>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>dzipo</valsi></td><td><para>Antarctican (from <jbophrase>cadzu cipni</jbophrase>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>ketco</valsi></td><td><para>South American (from <quote xml:lang="qu">Quechua</quote>)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>friko</valsi></td><td><para>African</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>polno</valsi></td><td><para>Polynesian/Oceanic</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>ropno</valsi></td><td><para>European</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xazdo</valsi></td><td><para>Asiatic</para></td></tr>
</informaltable>
<para>A few smaller but historically important cultures:</para>
<informaltable>
<colgroup/>
<tr><td><valsi>latmo</valsi></td><td><para>Latin/Roman</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>srito</valsi></td><td><para>Sanskrit</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xebro</valsi></td><td><para>Hebrew/Israeli/Jewish</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xelso</valsi></td><td><para>Greek (from <quote xml:lang="el">Hellas</quote>)</para></td></tr>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>cultural words</primary><secondary>rafsi fu'ivla proposal for</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>rafsi fu'ivla</primary></indexterm> Major world religions:</para>
<informaltable>
<colgroup/>
<tr><td><valsi>budjo</valsi></td><td><para>Buddhist</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>dadjo</valsi></td><td><para>Taoist</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>muslo</valsi></td><td><para>Islamic/Moslem</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xriso</valsi></td><td><para>Christian</para></td></tr>
</informaltable>
<para> <indexterm type="general"><primary>fu'ivla</primary><secondary>form for rafsi fu'ivla proposal</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>CCVVCV fu'ivla</primary><secondary>and rafsi fu'ivla proposal</secondary></indexterm> A few terms that cover multiple groups of the above:</para>
<informaltable>
<colgroup/>
<tr><td><valsi>jegvo</valsi></td><td><para>Jehovist (Judeo-Christian-Moslem)</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>semto</valsi></td><td><para>Semitic</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>slovo</valsi></td><td><para>Slavic</para></td></tr>
<tr><td><valsi>xispo</valsi></td><td><para>Hispanic (New World Spanish)</para></td></tr>
</informaltable>
</section>
<section xml:id="section-rafsi-fuhivla">
<title><anchor xml:id="c4s16"/>rafsi fu'ivla: a proposal</title>
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions chapters/05.xml
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Expand Up @@ -1087,8 +1087,8 @@
<gloss>… (girl (of-years the-number five</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>… bei lo merko be'o bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>… by-standard some American-thing) - - school)</gloss>
<jbo>… bei la .amerik. be'o bo ckule</jbo>
<gloss>… by-standard that-named America) - - school)</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>… la bryklyn.</jbo>
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8 changes: 4 additions & 4 deletions chapters/06.xml
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Expand Up @@ -711,14 +711,14 @@
<anchor xml:id="c6e5d3"/>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>le'e xelso merko cu gusta ponse</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical Greek-type-of American - is-a-restaurant-type-of owner.</gloss>
<jbo>le'e lalxu cu cmalu</jbo>
<gloss>The-stereotypical lake - is-small.</gloss>

<natlang>Lots of Greek-Americans own restaurants.</natlang>
<natlang>Lots of lakes are small.</natlang>

</interlinear-gloss>
</example>
<para role="indent"><indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>Greek-Americans own restaurants</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of Greek-Americans, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) who owns a restaurant. The word
<para role="indent"><indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>compared with typical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>typical</primary><secondary>compared with stereotypical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical</primary><secondary>as not derogatory in Lojban</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>lakes are small</primary></indexterm> <indexterm type="general"><primary>stereotypical objects</primary></indexterm> Here we are concerned not with the actual set of lakes, but with the set of those the speaker has in mind, which is typified by one (real or imaginary) that is small. The word
<quote>stereotypical</quote> is often derogatory in English, but

<valsi>le'e</valsi> need not be derogatory in Lojban: it simply suggests that the example is typical in the speaker's imagination rather than in some objectively agreed-upon way. Of course, different speakers may disagree about what the features of
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions chapters/11.xml
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Expand Up @@ -319,8 +319,8 @@
<indexterm type="example"><primary>Roman Empire</primary></indexterm>
</title>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>ca'o le pu'u le latmo balje'a cu porpi kei</jbo>
<gloss>[continuitive] the process-of( the Latin great-state - breaking-up )</gloss>
<jbo>ca'o le pu'u le balje'a pe la .rom. cu porpi kei</jbo>
<gloss>[continuitive] the process-of( the great-state pertaining-to that-named Rome - breaking-up )</gloss>
</interlinear-gloss>
<interlinear-gloss>
<jbo>… so'i je'atru cu selcatra</jbo>
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