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Published work with lenstronomy

In this section you can find the concept papers lenstronomy is based on and a list of science publications that made use of lenstronomy before 09/2022. For a more complete and current list of publications using lenstronomy we refer to the NASA/ADS query (this incudes all publications citing lenstronomy papers, which is not the same as publications making active use of the software).

Core lenstronomy methodology and software publications

  • lenstronomy: Multi-purpose gravitational lens modelling software package; Birrer & Amara 2018
    This is the lenstronomy software paper. Please cite this paper whenever you make use of lenstronomy. The paper gives a design overview and highlights some use cases.
  • lenstronomy II: A gravitational lensing software ecosystem; Birrer et al. 2021
    JOSS software publication. Please cite this paper whenever you make use of lenstronomy.
  • Gravitational Lens Modeling with Basis Sets; Birrer et al. 2015
    This is the method paper lenstronomy is primary based on. Please cite this paper whenever you publish results with lenstronomy by using Shapelet basis sets and/or the PSO and MCMC chain.

Related software publications

  • A versatile tool for cluster lensing source reconstruction. I. methodology and illustration on sources in the Hubble Frontier Field Cluster MACS J0717.5+3745; Yang et al. 2020a
    reconstructing the intrinsic size-mass relation of strongly lensed sources in clusters
  • SLITronomy: towards a fully wavelet-based strong lensing inversion technique; Galan et al. 2020
    This is the method paper presenting SLITromomy, an improved version of the SLIT algorithm fully implemented and compatible with lenstronomy.
  • deeplenstronomy: A dataset simulation package for strong gravitational lensing; Morgan et al. 2021a
    Software to simulating large datasets for applying deep learning to strong gravitational lensing.
  • Galaxy shapes of Light (GaLight): a 2D modeling of galaxy images; Ding et al. 2021b
    Tool to perform two-dimensional model fitting of optical and near-infrared images to characterize surface brightness distributions.
  • LensingETC: a tool to optimize multi-filter imaging campaigns of galaxy-scale strong lensing systems; Shajib et al. 2022b
    A Python package to select an optimal observing strategy for multi-filter imaging campaigns of strong lensing systems.
  • Using wavelets to capture deviations from smoothness in galaxy-scale strong lenses; Galan et al. 2022
    Presenting a new software 'herculens'. The code structure and part of the modeling routines of herculens are based on lenstronomy.

Scientific publication before 09/2022

Measuring the Hubble constant

  • The mass-sheet degeneracy and time-delay cosmography: analysis of the strong lens RXJ1131-1231; Birrer et al. 2016

    This paper performs a cosmographic analysis and applies the Shapelet basis set scaling to marginalize over a major lensing degeneracy.

  • H0LiCOW - IX. Cosmographic analysis of the doubly imaged quasar SDSS 1206+4332 and a new measurement of the Hubble constant; Birrer et al. 2019

    This paper performs a cosmographic analysis with power-law and composite models and covers a range in complexity in the source reconstruction

  • Astrometric requirements for strong lensing time-delay cosmography; Birrer & Treu 2019

    Derives requirements on how well the image positions of time-variable sources has to be known to perform a time-delay cosmographic measurement

  • H0LiCOW XIII. A 2.4% measurement of H0 from lensed quasars: 5.3σ tension between early and late-Universe probes; Wong et al. 2019

    Joint analysis of the six H0LiCOW lenses including the lenstronomy analysis of J1206

  • STRIDES: A 3.9 per cent measurement of the Hubble constant from the strongly lensed system DES J0408-5354; Shajib et al. 2019

    most precise single lensing constraint on the Hubble constant. This analysis includes two source planes and three lensing planes

  • TDCOSMO. I. An exploration of systematic uncertainties in the inference of H0 from time-delay cosmography Millon et al. 2020

    mock lenses to test accuracy on the recovered H0 value

  • Lens modelling of the strongly lensed Type Ia supernova iPTF16geu Moertsell et al. 2020

    Modeling of a lensed supernova to measure the Hubble constant

  • The impact of line-of-sight structures on measuring H0 with strong lensing time-delays Li, Becker and Dye 2020

    Point source position and time-delay modeling of quads

  • TDCOSMO III: Dark matter substructure meets dark energy -- the effects of (sub)halos on strong-lensing measurements of H0 Gilman, Birrer and Treu 2020

    Full line-of-sight halo rendering and time-delay analysis on mock images

  • TDCOSMO IV: Hierarchical time-delay cosmography -- joint inference of the Hubble constant and galaxy density profiles Birrer et al. 2020

    lenstronomy.Galkin for kinematics calculation that folds in the hierarchical analysis

  • TDCOSMO V: strategies for precise and accurate measurements of the Hubble constant with strong lensing Birrer & Treu 2020

    lenstronomy.Galkin for kinematics calculation that folds in the hierarchical analysis for a forecast for future Hubble constant constraints

  • Large-Scale Gravitational Lens Modeling with Bayesian Neural Networks for Accurate and Precise Inference of the Hubble Constant Park et al. 2020

    BBN lens model inference using lenstronomy through `baobab <https://github.com/jiwoncpark/baobab>`_ for training set generation.

  • Improved time-delay lens modelling and H0 inference with transient sources Ding et al. 2021a

    Simulations and models with and without lensed point sources to perform a time-delay cosmography analysis.

  • Gravitational lensing H0 tension from ultralight axion galactic cores Blum & Teodori 2021

    Investigating the detectability of a cored component with mock imaging modeling and comparison of kinematic modeling.

  • The Hubble constant from strongly lensed supernovae with standardizable magnifications Birrer, Dhawan, Shajib 2021

    Methodology and forecast to use standardizable magnifications to break the mass-sheet degeneracy and hierarchically measure H0.

  • AI-driven spatio-temporal engine for finding gravitationally lensed supernovae Ramanah et al. 2021

    Simulated images with time series of lensed supernovae.

  • Systematic errors induced by the elliptical power-law model in galaxy-galaxy strong lens modeling Cao et al. 2021

    Computing lensing quantities from mass maps.

  • TDCOSMO. VII. Boxyness/discyness in lensing galaxies : Detectability and impact on H0 Van de Vyvere et al. 2021

    Assessment of boxy and discy lens model on the inference of H0.

  • TDCOSMO. IX. Systematic comparison between lens modelling software programs: time delay prediction for WGD 2038−4008 Shajib et al. 2022a

    modeling of a time-delay lens and comprehensive analysis between two modeling codes.

  • Forecast of observing time delay of the strongly lensed quasars with Muztagh-Ata 1.93m telescope Zhu et al. 2022a

    Using lenstronomy to reproduce a lens and simulate the observed images based on parameters fitted by other work.

  • Consequences of the lack of azimuthal freedom in the modeling of lensing galaxies van de Vyvere et al. 2022

    Implemented a model ’ElliSLICE’ to describe radial changes in ellipticities and investigating assumptiosn on azimuthal freedom in the reconstruction.

Dark Matter substructure

  • Lensing substructure quantification in RXJ1131-1231: a 2 keV lower bound on dark matter thermal relic mass; Birrer et al. 2017b
    This paper quantifies the substructure content of a lens by a sub-clump scanning procedure and the application of Approximate Bayesian Computing.
  • Probing the nature of dark matter by forward modelling flux ratios in strong gravitational lenses; Gilman et al. 2018
  • Probing dark matter structure down to 10**7 solar masses: flux ratio statistics in gravitational lenses with line-of-sight haloes; Gilman et al. 2019a
  • Double dark matter vision: twice the number of compact-source lenses with narrow-line lensing and the WFC3 Grism; Nierenberg et al. 2019
  • Warm dark matter chills out: constraints on the halo mass function and the free-streaming length of dark matter with 8 quadruple-image strong gravitational lenses; Gilman et al. 2019b
  • Constraints on the mass-concentration relation of cold dark matter halos with 11 strong gravitational lenses; Gilman et al. 2019c
  • Circumventing Lens Modeling to Detect Dark Matter Substructure in Strong Lens Images with Convolutional Neural Networks; Diaz Rivero & Dvorkin
  • Dark Matter Subhalos, Strong Lensing and Machine Learning; Varma, Fairbairn, Figueroa
  • Quantifying the Line-of-Sight Halo Contribution to the Dark Matter Convergence Power Spectrum from Strong Gravitational Lenses; Sengul et al. 2020
  • Detecting Subhalos in Strong Gravitational Lens Images with Image Segmentation; Ostdiek et al. 2020a
  • Extracting the Subhalo Mass Function from Strong Lens Images with Image Segmentation; Ostdiek et al. 2020b
  • Strong lensing signatures of self-interacting dark matter in low-mass halos; Gilman et al. 2021a
  • Substructure Detection Reanalyzed: Dark Perturber shown to be a Line-of-Sight Halo; Sengul et al. 2021
    modeling a line-of-sight mini-halo
  • The primordial matter power spectrum on sub-galactic scales; Gilman et al. 2021b
    rendering sub- and line-of-sight halos
  • From Images to Dark Matter: End-To-End Inference of Substructure From Hundreds of Strong Gravitational Lenses; Wagner-Carena et al. 2022
    rendering sub- and line-of-sight halos and generating realistic training sets of images for substructure quantifications
  • Interlopers speak out: Studying the dark universe using small-scale lensing anisotropies; Dhanasingham et al. 2022
    rendering line of sight and subhalos with pyhalo on top of lenstronomy
  • Probing Dark Matter with Strong Gravitational Lensing through an Effective Density Slope; Senguel & Dvorkin 2022
    measuring an effective slope of a subhalo in HST data and tests on mock data from N-body simulations
  • Quantum fluctuations masquerade as halos: Bounds on ultra-light dark matter from quadruply-imaged quasars; Laroche et al. 2022
    using lenstronomy for flux ratio statistics calculation with pyHalo
  • Constraining resonant dark matter self-interactions with strong gravitational lenses; Gilman et al. 2022
    using lenstronomy for flux ratio statistics calculation with pyHalo

Lens searches

  • Strong lens systems search in the Dark Energy Survey using Convolutional Neural Networks; Rojas et al. 2021
    simulating training sets for lens searches
  • On machine learning search for gravitational lenses; Khachatryan 2021
    simulating training sets for lens searches
  • DeepZipper: A Novel Deep Learning Architecture for Lensed Supernovae Identification; Morgan et al. 2021b
    Using deeplenstronomy to simulate lensed supernovae data sets
  • Detecting gravitational lenses using machine learning: exploring interpretability and sensitivity to rare lensing configurations; Wilde et al. 2021b
    Simulating compound lenses
  • DeepZipper II: Searching for Lensed Supernovae in Dark Energy Survey Data with Deep Learning; Morgan et al. 2022
    Using deeplenstronomy to simulate lensed supernovae training sets
  • DeepGraviLens: a Multi-Modal Architecture for Classifying Gravitational Lensing Data; Oreste Pinciroli Vago et al. 2022
    Using deeplenstronomy to simulate lensed supernovae training sets

Galaxy formation and evolution

  • Massive elliptical galaxies at z∼0.2 are well described by stars and a Navarro-Frenk-White dark matter halo; Shajib et al. 2020a
    Automatized modeling of 23 SLACS lenses with dolphin, a lenstronomy wrapper
  • High-resolution imaging follow-up of doubly imaged quasars; Shajib et al. 2020b
    Modeling of doubly lensed quasars from Keck Adaptive Optics data
  • The evolution of the size-mass relation at z=1-3 derived from the complete Hubble Frontier Fields data set; Yang et al. 2020b
    reconstructing the intrinsic size-mass relation of strongly lensed sources in clusters
  • PS J1721+8842: A gravitationally lensed dual AGN system at redshift 2.37 with two radio components; Mangat et al. 2021
    Imaging modeling of a dual lensed AGN with point sources and extended surface brightness
  • RELICS: Small Lensed z≥5.5 Galaxies Selected as Potential Lyman Continuum Leakers; Neufeld et al. 2021
    size measurements of high-z lensed galaxies
  • The size-luminosity relation of lensed galaxies at z=6−9 in the Hubble Frontier Fields; Yang et al. 2022a
    size measurements of high-z lensed galaxies
  • The Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph for the James Webb Space Telescope -- II. Wide Field Slitless Spectroscopy; Willott et al. 2022
    lensing calculations in cluster environments
  • Inferences on relations between distant supermassive black holes and their hosts complemented by the galaxy fundamental plane; Silverman et al. 2022
    galaxy size measurement with quasar decomposition
  • Concordance between observations and simulations in the evolution of the mass relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies; Ding et al. 2022
    galaxy size measurement with quasar decomposition
  • Early results from GLASS-JWST. V: the first rest-frame optical size-luminosity relation of galaxies at z>7; Yang et al. 2022b
    galaxy size measurement from JWST data with Galight/lenstronomy
  • A New Polar Ring Galaxy Discovered in the COSMOS Field; Nishimura et al. 2022
  • Webb's PEARLS: dust attenuation and gravitational lensing in the backlit-galaxy system VV 191; Keel et al. 2022

Automatized Lens Modeling

  • Is every strong lens model unhappy in its own way? Uniform modelling of a sample of 12 quadruply+ imaged quasars; Shajib et al. 2018
    This work presents a uniform modelling framework to model 13 quadruply lensed quasars in three HST bands.
  • Hierarchical Inference With Bayesian Neural Networks: An Application to Strong Gravitational Lensing; Wagner-Carena et al. 2020
    This work conducts hierarchical inference of strongly-lensed systems with Bayesian neural networks.
  • A search for galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses in the Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS); Savary et al. 2021
    Automated modeling of best candidates of ground based data.
  • GIGA-Lens: Fast Bayesian Inference for Strong Gravitational Lens Modeling; Gu et al. 2022
    lenstronomy-inspired GPU lensing code with PEMD+shear and Sersic modeling, and tested against lenstronomy.
  • STRIDES: Automated uniform models for 30 quadruply imaged quasars; Schmidt et al. 2022
    Automated and uniform modeling of 30 quadruply lensed quasars.

Quasar-host galaxy decomposition

  • The mass relations between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies at 1<z<2 with HST-WFC3; Ding et al. 2019
    Quasar host galaxy decomposition at high redshift on HST imaging and marginalization over PSF uncertainties.
  • Testing the Evolution of the Correlations between Supermassive Black Holes and their Host Galaxies using Eight Strongly Lensed Quasars; Ding et al. 2020
    Quasar host galaxy decomposition with lensed quasars.
  • A local baseline of the black hole mass scaling relations for active galaxies. IV. Correlations between MBH and host galaxy σ, stellar mass, and luminosity; Bennert et al. 2021
    Detailed measurement of galaxy morphology, decomposing in spheroid, disk and bar, and central AGN
  • The Sizes of Quasar Host Galaxies with the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program; Li et al. 2021a
    Quasar-host decomposition of 5000 SDSS quasars
  • The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): A multiwavelength view of WISE mid-infrared galaxies/active galactic nuclei; Toba et al. 2021
    Quasar-host decomposition of HSC imaging
  • Synchronized Co-evolution between Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies Over the Last Seven Billion Years as Revealed by the Hyper Suprime-Cam; Li et al. 2021b
    Quasar-host decomposition of SDSS quasars with HSC data
  • Evidence for a milli-parsec separation Supermassive Black Hole Binary with quasar microlensing; Millon et al. 2022
    Using lenstronomy to generate the microlensed images of the accretion disk

Lensing of Gravitational Waves

  • lensingGW: a Python package for lensing of gravitational waves; Pagano et al. 2020
    A Python package designed to handle both strong and microlensing of compact binaries and the related gravitational-wave signals.
  • Localizing merging black holes with sub-arcsecond precision using gravitational-wave lensing; Hannuksela et al. 2020
    solving the lens equation with lenstronomy using lensingGW
  • Lensing magnification: gravitational wave from coalescing stellar-mass binary black holes; Shan & Hu 2020
    lensing magnification calculations
  • Identifying Type-II Strongly-Lensed Gravitational-Wave Images in Third-Generation Gravitational-Wave Detectors; Y. Wang et al. 2021
    solving the lens equation
  • Beyond the detector horizon: Forecasting gravitational-wave strong lensing; Renske et al. 2021
    computing image positions, time delays and magnifications for gravitational wave forecasting
  • A lensing multi-messenger channel: Combining LIGO-Virgo-Kagra lensed gravitational-wave measurements with Euclid observations; Wempe et al. 2022
    simulating Euclid-like simulations using lenstronomy and presenting a fast method to cacluate caustics for a PEMD+Shear model

Theory papers

  • Line-of-sight effects in strong lensing: putting theory into practice; Birrer et al. 2017a
    This paper formulates an effective parameterization of line-of-sight structure for strong gravitational lens modelling and applies this technique to an Einstein ring in the COSMOS field
  • Cosmic Shear with Einstein Rings; Birrer et al. 2018a
    Forecast paper to measure cosmic shear with Einstein ring lenses. The forecast is made based on lenstronomy simulations.
  • Unified lensing and kinematic analysis for any elliptical mass profile; Shajib 2019
    Provides a methodology to generalize the multi-Gaussian expansion to general elliptical mass and light profiles
  • Gravitational lensing formalism in a curved arc basis: A continuous description of observables and degeneracies from the weak to the strong lensing regime; Birrer 2021
    Lensing formalism with curved arc distortion formalism. Link to code repository `here <https://github.com/sibirrer/curved_arcs>`_.

Simulation products

Large scale structure

  • Combining strong and weak lensingestimates in the Cosmos field; Kuhn et al. 2020
    inferring cosmic shear with three strong lenses in the COSMOS field

Others

  • Predicting future astronomical events using deep learning; Singh et al.
    simulating strongly lensed galaxy merger pairs in time sequence
  • Role of the companion lensing galaxy in the CLASS gravitational lens B1152+199; Zhang et al. 2022
    modeling of a double lensed quasar with HST and VLBI data